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Globalization

Process by which different parts of the globe become interconnected by economic, social, cultural, and political means. Globalization has become increasingly rapid since the 1970s and 1980s as a result of developments in technology, communications, and trade liberalization. Critics of globalization fear the increasing power of unelected multinational corporations, financial markets, and non-government organizations (NGOs), whose decisions can have direct and rapid effects on ordinary citizens' lives. This has led to growing antiglobalization and anti-capitalist protests in the 1990s and early 21st century, which have disrupted international trade talks and meetings of international finance ministers. Supporters of globalization point to the economic benefits of growing international trade and specialization.

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REFERENCES

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  • Christensen Hughes, J. (1999) The use of case studies to enhance diversity management effectiveness. In Lockwood, A. (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth Annual CHME Hospitality Research Conference. University of Surrey, vol. 2, pp. 403-421.
  • Cox, T. H.; Blake, S. (1991) Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5 (3), 45-56.
  • Kandola, R. (1995) Managing diversity: new broom or old hat? International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10, 131-167.
  • Mok, C. (2002) Managing diversity in hospitality organizations. In N. D'Annunzio-Green; G. A. Maxwell; S. Watson (eds), Human Resource Management: International Perspectives in Hospitality and Tourism. London: Continuum.
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From Credo

  • Oxford English Reference Dictionary, 2nd edn (1996) (J. Perasall; B. Trumble, eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chicago Council on Foreign Relations. Worldviews 2002 Report. Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2002.
  • Hansen, Brian. “Globalization Backlash.” In Global Issues, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 2003, pp. 143–160.
  • Holsti, Ole R.Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
  • O’Meara, Patrick, ed. Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
  • Wittkopf, Eugene R.Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990.
  • Appadurai, Arjun (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Featherstone, Mike, Lash, Scott and Robertson, Roland (eds) (1995) Global Modernities, London: Sage.
  • Gibson-Graham, J. K. (1996) The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy, Oxford: Blackwell.
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  • Harvey, David (1990) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
  • Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. (1996) Globalization in Question, London: Polity Press.
  • Hoogvelt, A. (1997) Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development, London: MacMillan.
  • Newell, P. (1999) ‘Globalization and the Environment: Exploring the Connections’, IDS Bulletin, 30(3), July.
  • Strange, S. (1998) ‘Globalony?’ Review of International Political Economy, 5 (4).
  • Waters, M. (1995) Globalization, London: Routledge.
  • Archibugi, D. and Michie, J.Technological globalization and national systems of innovation: an introduction, in Technology, Globalization and Economic Performance, Archibugi, D. and Michie, J., Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
  • Archibugi, D. and Michie, J., Eds. Trade, Growth and Technical Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
  • Bunker, S. and Ciccantell, P.Restructuring space, time, and competitive advantage in the capitalist world economy: Japan and raw materials transport after World War II, in A New World Order? Global Transformations in the Late Twentieth Century, Smith, D. and Borocz, J., Eds. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1995.
  • Cowan, R. S.A Social History of American Technology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1997.
  • Fichman, M.Science, Technology and Society: A Historical Perspective. Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, IA, 1993.
  • Giddens, A.The Consequences of Modernity. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1990.
  • Kenwood, G. and Lougheed, A. L.The Growth of the International Economy 1820–2000: An Introductory Text. Routledge, London, 1999.
  • McMillan, C.Shifting technological paradigms: from the US to Japan, in States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, Boyer, R. and Drache, D., Eds. Routledge, New York, 1996.
  • Rosenberg, N.Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982.
  • Talalay, M., Farrands, C. and Tooze, R., Eds. Technology, Culture and Competitiveness: Change and the World Political Economy. Routledge, London, 1997.

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