Herzen, Aleksandr (Ivanovich)
1812–70, Russian revolutionary leader and writer. A member of the aristocracy, he was appalled at the brutality of his class, the lack of freedom at all levels of Russian society, and the terrible poverty of the serfs. He joined a socialist political circle and, as a punishment, was sent (1834) to the provinces as a civil servant. In 1840 he returned to Moscow, where he met and influenced Belinsky. In 1847, Herzen left Russia, never to return. He settled first in Paris, where he supported the Revolution of 1848, and later (1852) in England, where set up the first free Russian press abroad.
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