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Immunology

immunology, branch of medicine that studies the response of organisms to foreign substances, e.g., viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins (see immunity). Immunologists study the tissues and organs of the immune system (bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymphatic system), its specialized cells (e.g., B and T lymphocytes and antibodies), and the influence of genetic, nutritional, and other factors on the immune system. They also study disease-causing organisms to determine how they injure the host and help to develop vaccines (see vaccination).

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REFERENCES

  • Bibel, Debra Jan (ed.), Milestones in Immunology: A Historical Exploration, Madison, Wisconsin: Science Tech, 1989.
  • Cambrosio, Alberto; Peter Keating, Exquisite Specificity: The Monoclonal Antibody Revolution, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Charlesworth, Max, et al., Life Among the Scientists: An Anthropological Study of an Australian Scientific Community, Melbourne and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
  • Corbellini, Gilberto, L'evoluzione del pensiero immunologico, Turin: Boringhieri, 1990.
  • Daëron, Marc, et al., L'Immunité, cent ans après Pasteur, Paris: Nathan, 1996.

From Credo

  • Gallagher, Richard B., et al. (eds), Immunology: The Making of a Modern Science, San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1995.
  • Goodfield, June, An Imagined World: A Story of Scientific Discovery, New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
  • “Immunology as a Historical Object” (special issue),Journal of the History of Biology27, (1994): 375-594.
  • Martin, Emily, Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS, Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.
  • Mazumdar, Pauline M.H. (ed.), Immunology, 1930-1980: Essays on the History of Immunology, Toronto: Wall and Thompson, 1989.
  • Mazumdar, Pauline M.H., Species and Specificity: An Interpretation of the History of Immunology, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Moulin, Anne Marie, Le Dernier Langage de la médecine: Histoire de l'immunologie de Pasteur au Sida, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991.
  • Silverstein, Arthur M., A History of Immunology, San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1989.
  • Tauber, Alfred I., Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Tauber, Alfred I., The Immune Self: Theory or Metaphor?, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.